Rogerian Argument Definition and Examples

Rogerian argument is a negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach an agreement. It is also known as  Rogerian rhetoric, Rogerian argumentation, Rogerian persuasion, and empathic listening. Whereas traditional argument focuses on winning, the Rogerian model seeks a mutually satisfactory solution. The Rogerian model of argument was adapted from the work of American psychologist Carl Rogers by the composition scholars Richard Young, Alton Becker, and Kenneth Pike in their textbook Rhetoric: Discovery and Change (1970). Aims of Rogerian Argument The authors of Rhetoric: Discovery and Change explain the process this way: The writer who uses the Rogerian strategy attempts to do three things: (1) to convey to the reader that he is understood, (2) to delineate the area within which he believes the readers position to be valid, and (3) to induce him to believe that he and the writer share similar moral qualities (honesty, integrity, and good will) and aspirations (the desire to discover a mutually acceptable solution). We stress here that these are only tasks, not stages of the argument. Rogerian argument has no conventional structure; in fact, users of the strategy deliberately avoid conventional persuasive structures and techniques because these devices tend to produce a sense of threat, precisely what the writer seeks to overcome.... The goal of Rogerian argument is to create a situation conducive to cooperation; this may well involve changes in Format of Rogerian Argument. When presenting your case and the case of the other side, the style is flexible with how you set up your information and how long you spend on each section. But you do want to be balanced—spending an inordinate amount of time on your position and only giving lip service to the other side, for example, defeats the purpose of using the Rogerian style. The ideal format of a written Rogerian persuasion looks something like this (Richard M. Coe, Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. Wiley, 1981): Introduction: Present the topic as a problem to solve together, rather than an issue.Opposing position: State the opinion of your opposition in an objective manner thats fair and accurate, so the other side knows that you understand its position.Context for the opposing position: Show the opposition that you understand under what circumstances its position is valid.Your position: Present your position objectively. Yes, you want to be convincing, but you want the opposition to see it with clarity and fairly as well, just as you presented its position earlier.Context for your position: Show the opposition contexts in which your position is also valid.Benefits: Appeal to the opposition and show how elements of your position could work to benefit its interests. You use one type of rhetoric when discussing your position with people who already agree with you. To discuss your position with the opposition, you need to tone that down and break it into objective elements, so the sides can more easily see areas of common ground. Taking the time to state the opposing sides arguments and contexts means the opposition has less reason to get defensive and stop listening to your ideas. Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument In the 1970s and into the early 1990s, some debate existed about whether women should use this conflict-solving technique. Feminists are divided on the method: some see Rogerian argument as feminist and beneficial because it appears less antagonistic than traditional Aristotelian argument. Others argue that when used by women, this type of argument reinforces the feminine stereotype, since historically women are viewed as nonconfrontational and understanding (see especially Catherine E. Lambs 1991 article Beyond Argument in Freshman Composition and Phyllis Lassners 1990 article Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument). (Edith H. Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies: A Guide to Theorists and Terms. Greenwood, 1999)

Dantes Inferno Essay - 496 Words

Dantes Inferno In Canto I, Dante has strayed from the True Way into the Dark Wood of Error. He opens his eyes and sees the mount Mount of Joy which is lit up by the sun. He sets out to try to climb the mountain, but his way is blocked by the Three Beasts of Worldliness: The Leopard of Malice and Fraud, The Lion of Violence and Ambition, and The She-Wolf of Incontinence. He then starts to lose all hope when Virgil, Dante’s symbol of Human Reason appears. Dante is very frightened and nervous by Virgil’s presence as you can tell by his response towards Virgil saying â€Å"Have pity on me, whatever thing you are, whether shade or living man† (Dantes Inferno pg. 30). Dante doesn’t know who or what Virgil is and is really scared of him. Virgil†¦show more content†¦Virgil offers to guide Dante through the depths of hell tells dante that he can only take him so far then he will turn Dante over to another guide, Beatrice, the symbol of Divine Love because human reason is self limited. Dante agrees to have Virgil be his guide and then they set off. Dante is here because he went astray from the straight road of life and ended up in some evil dark woods. He sees the road going to the Mount of Joy that is lit up by the sun and sets off to go climb the mountain. Everywhere he goes, the spotted Leopard stands blocking his every turn. Then he sees the Lion raging with hunger with its enormous head held high in the air to strike fear into anyone that comes close. Then he sees the She-Wolf driving upon him raveging around. The reason Dante is going into hell is because now that he is in the woods, he cannot climb the Mount of joy because the Three Beasts are blocking him. No one can make a direct ascent past the beasts, but whoever escapes them has to go the longer and harder way. He therefore has to go through hell to get to the gates of heaven and the light of God. Virgil has been sent to guide dante through the darkness of hell. Dante is taking us along on his journey through hell to show everyone what the other side is like. He was sent to go to hell and see the tortures that go on to all of the sinners. He wants toShow MoreRelatedThe Story in Dantes Inferno910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the story Dante’s Inferno we as readers get to experience hell in a whole light. Throughout the narrative we find out that hell is not only what we know of it from the Christian bible. According to Dante Hell is a complex situation that is nothing like anything we have read earlier. There are many people who have read at least some portion of the Holy Bible. Whether it be because of personal reasons or educational ones, the holy bible most read (and sold) books in existence. Through readingRead MoreDantes Inferno Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAt the start of the poem we find Dante in the dark forest(Inf. 1.2). Not much description is given maybe to show Dante’s disorientation. Whether the disorientation is spiritual, physical, moral or political; that is unclear at the start of the poem. The poem us written this way so reader can identify with Dante. It is also written in such a way that sometimes it is difficult to understand some parts, you sometimes have to read it backwards to get a better understanding. The way Dante characterizesRead More Dantes Inferno Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesDantes Inferno It was sometime in the middle of the 17th century that British cleric Thomas Fuller wrote, He that falls into sin is a man; that grieves at it, is a saint; that boasteth of it, is a devil. If Fuller was right, where does one place Dante, the pilgrim who bravely wandered where no man had wandered before? Certainly, the sojourner precisely written by the poet of the same name was a man. Certainly, also, he repented his sinful ways (how could one not after braving not only theRead MoreThe Odyssey and Dantes Inferno1300 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of a poet, whether it be romance, adventure or simply a story from experiences. And perhaps there are no better poets that are better able to drag their willing audience along a journey than Homer and Dante. The epic tales of The Odyssey and Inferno, respectively, were seemingly written along a parallel train of thought when describing their characters journey, easily engaging the creative functions of the reader with adventurous tales of hop e and adventure. Their characters, Odysseus and DanteRead MoreCritique Of Dantes Inferno1602 Words   |  7 Pages The Inferno is the first part of Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy. The Inferno tells the journey of Dante going through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem Hell is illustrated as nine circles of torture that is located in the middle of the Earth, the Inferno describes the recognition and the ultimate rejection of sin. Every canto is written in parts of what sinner is being punished, what their punishment is and why they are there. Susan Blow writes a critique of Dante’sRead MoreThe Influence of Dantes Inferno Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pages Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is an epic poem that begins with the Inferno. The Inferno is an extremely influential part of European literature. The structure of story is for many people a piece of the vision of Hell. Religiously, this poem has had great prevalence. Dant e paints a picture of the Hell that is both unsettling and justifiable. A whole world is created through his poem. The levels and intensity of sin is pondered. Crime is put to a level of small to large scale. ThoseRead MoreAnalysis of Dantes Inferno Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, Dante is taken on a journey through hell. On this journey, Dane sees the many different forms of sins, and each with its own unique contrapasso, or counter-suffering. Each of these punishments reflects the sin of a person, usually offering some ironic way of suffering as a sort of revenge for breaking God’s law. As Dante wrote this work and developed the contrapassos, he allows himself to play God, deciding who is in hell and why they are there. He uses this opportunity to strikeRead MoreThe Contributions Of Death In Dantes Inferno1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Inferno, Dante journeys along the path that will eventually lead him to God by first passing through Hell. As h e goes through his journey in Hell with Virgil, Dante encounters several sinners who are being punished based upon the sins each individual committed. Dante’s attitude towards the sinners’ punishment changes from sympathy to hostility as he goes through his path towards God. At first, Dante is to feeling sympathy for the souls that reside in the Second Circle of Hell, whose punishmentRead MoreDantes Inferno and the Renaissance Essay2380 Words   |  10 PagesIt is one of the most known and referenced books of its time and is still a commonly read work of literature, but is Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno more that just one man’s interpretation of what hell is like? We know it now as a remarkable piece of literature, but some contend that it was a turning point in writing and how many viewed the world. Claims have also been made that it is an example of how man paved the road out of the Dark Ages and into the Renaissance, the period that shaped a lot ofRead MoreDantes Inferno and The Afterlife Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesperson can interpreted it in a slightly different way and allegories are most often personalized by a reader. Dante’s Inferno allegory is present throughout the entire poem. From the dark wood to the depths of Dan te’s hell he presents the different crimes committed in life as they could be punished in death. One of the first punishments we observe comes from the fifth circle of Dante’s hell, the wrathful and the sullen, as the author expresses his thoughts of the fitting consequence with each sin

Online Innovation Essay Example For Students

Online Innovation Essay Project overview:There is a great need for a full service and price competitive on-line meat shop. At this point, we may explain our company nature before and after go online like from Blick and Mortar to Click and Mortar? If we combine this need being met with the feel of shopping at a real home town meat shop our competitive advantage will be far greater than that of our competitors. There are very few alternatives for on-line meat shops. There are notch stores such as Bisonmeat.com that ships bison meat at a premium and targets only a small demographic. Also, there are full product providers like Iowameats.com. However there prices are wildly out of line compared to a home town meat shop. Should we emphasize our low cost of operation and production, which cause our low price offered?It is clear the on-line community is underserved in this area and it is evident that there is much room for growth and profitability in the on-line meat market industry. Value proposition:What we propose is a partnership with local meat shops in the US to achieve maximum shipping savings and product quality. Is this partnership including Delivery Service Company? Since well offer free shipping to customers, we may need to mention about long term relationship or contract with Delivery Company. Practically, we wont survive if we need to pay high for each shipment, isnt it? We believe that we can offer the same meats at the same price as walking into the store and picking it off the shelf by offering subscriptions to our customers and creating a commission based service fee to the vendors. The subscriptions and commissions from the vendor (individual customer?) would be our revenue. The vendor would profit by name recognition on the site, increased sales from on-line purchases, and only pays in return for sales. Since we will be working with a home town meat shop we will have a competitive bundle of satisfactions. How?We plan to include a forum and chat rooms for consumers to engage in home town dialog as well as leave feedback on branding and product ideas. It is apparent this will increase brand recognition and customer loyalty. What CRM? Delivery tracking service (we can make link from Delivery page), FAQ page, Email response (weve in Contact Us page). Requirements:Functional requirements: Our company must brokerage information to customers and vendors and facilitated commerce.

Locke And Hobbes Essays - John Locke, Libertarian Theory

Locke And Hobbes Hobbes point of view on human nature and how a government should be run is a more realistic way of looking at things than John Locke's theory. Both Hobbes and Locke see human nature differently, Hobbes sees people as being run by selfishness whereas Locke says that people are naturally kind. In our state of nature, Hobbes says we have no rights but Locke suggests that we have natural rights, God-given rights. Using reason, people decide to enter into a social contract with a ruler or a form of government, which would make a trade that, would help both of the parties. They both argue that the ruler can go too far or not fulfill their part of the contract, giving the people the right to revolt. Hobbes shows that humans are naturally evil that lays down the groundwork for his form of government. Hobbes and Locke's theories differ greatly beginning with their views of human nature. Hobbes suggests that people are naturally, solitary, poor, nasty, and brutish. He also says that without authority mankind is selfish and egotistical. John Locke, on the other hand, sees people as being peaceful in their nature state. These different points of show how they formed their theory of the state of nature. Without a government people are put into their state of nature, Hobbes and Locke both picture a different scene when they express human state of nature. Hobbes states that the condition of people before government was short, solitary, poor, brutish, and disorderly. But John Locke shows a different point of view, he notes three rights that are God-given and inalienable, these three are life, liberty, and property. Knowing what people do and don't have the right to relates to how the government should rule their subjects. A social contract is an agreement between the people and the government in order to preserve order. Hobbes sees the government or ruler as a powerful sovereign. He named it ?Leviathan,? which is the name of a giant sea serpent in the Old Testament that supposedly battled Yahweh. The people must trade their rights, power, and their desire to dominate in order to receive protection. This special type of protection punishes those who break the contract. Under Locke's theory, the ruler must protect the people's natural rights and the people must give up their power to rule each other. The government's job is to keep the people happy by not overstepping their boundary. Hobbes and Locke both agree on the fact that there is a point in time that it is not only the right but also the responsibility of the people to overthrow the government. The government must be stable in order to follow through on their side of the contract or they are bringing a revolt upon themselves. Hobbes says that the Leviathan must be taken out of power when he fails to fulfill his side of the contract. Under Locke's rules, the government must be overthrown when any of the people's three God-given rights are taken away or lost. After viewing why a government should or would be overthrown we can look at Hobbes and Locke's theory's overall. Hobbes' theory is a pessimistic look at human being and the way they act around each other but Locke's theory suggests that people are more easy-going and peaceful towards each other. As we see in the news daily, people are often cruel and inhumane, and we also see kinder people in everyday life. We see people who give up their own personal pleasure so they can serve others. But these people are far and few between, it becomes quickly obvious that humans are drawn towards self-happiness. A morally pure person would look at their neighbor and think, ?what can I do to help him whereas the more realistic perspective would be, ?what would make me happy right now Hobbes' form of government uses the natural state of man to create a way of living that would help everyone, so you can feel safe in a usually non-safe environment. Bibliography none needed, sorry

Study Guide for Cold War Exam Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Study Guide for Cold War Exam Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers CK History 8 and CK History 8 Honors - Study Guide for Cold War Exam Use your Outline of the Cold War, your History Notebook, your textbooks and any other resources available to answer the following questions.) Suggestions: A. Identify the questions that you do not yet know and make Flash Cards for each. B. The questions are roughly organized by presidential administrations. You might consider learning all the answers for each president and then move on to the next. 1. During the early years of the Cold War, Americas policy was to resist the spread of communism. What is the term that describes this policy? Containment 2. What geographic part of Europe came under the control/influence of the communist Soviet Union during and after World War II? East Europe 3. What event signaled the beginning of the Korean War? S. Korea invaded by N. Korea 4. What is the name of the competitive buildup of weapons by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War? Nuclear Arms Race 5. How did Western leaders respond after the Soviets blocked off West Berlin in June of 1948? Airlifted Supplies 6. What German city was isolated by the Soviet Union after World War II until American bombers airlifted supplies into this free area? East Berlin 7. What nation on the Korean Peninsula has been an ally of the West since the middle of the twentieth century? South Korea 8. What large communist nation bordering North Korea provided hundreds of thousands of troops to help the North Koreans as they battled UN forces in the early 1950s? China 9. In September of 1950, what communist nation controlled almost all of the Korean Peninsula? North Korea 10. What is the name of the military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations during the Cold War? Warsaw Pact 11. What is the name of the military alliance that the United States joined after World War II? NATO 12. A massive $13 billion program of economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after World War II was known as what? Marshall Plan 13. A meeting of the leaders of the free world in 1944 resulted in a decision to bring economic order to currencies and trade among nations. What is the name of this meeting that created the International Monetary Fund, which is currently part of the World Bank? 14. General Douglas MacArthur was prepared to use dozens of atom bombs during the Korean War. He also spoke out openly against his commander, who favored a less aggressive approach. Who fired MacArthur over this disagreement and MacArthurs public comments about it? President Eisenhower 15. What image was used by Winston Churchill to describe the sharp division of Europe following World War II? Iron Curtain 16. To stop the spread of communism into Turkey and Greece in the years following World War II, President Harry S. Truman pledged American economic and military aid. In doing so, President Truman said it should be "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." What is the name of this new goal of American foreign policy? Truman Doctrine 17. What term describes Senator Joe McCarthys use of unproven charges, often accusations of affiliation with communism, against his political opponents? McCarthyism 18. What is the term, which describes the widespread fear that communists might be trying to take over the US government? Red Scare 19. In the early 1960s, what was the belief that if one Southeast Asian nation (South Vietnam) fell to communism, other nations of the region would fall to communism, also? Domino Theory 20. Who was Director of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) during the 1950s? 21. What social and economic system called for workers of the world to rise up against the owners of industry (the capitalists)? 22. What World War II hero was president of the US throughout much of the 1950s? President Eisenhower 23. From the late 1800s, until the 1950s, what European nation controlled much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam? France 24. Who was the Vietnamese communist leader that defeated the French in 1954? Ho Chi Min 25. What is the name of the rebel leader that overthrew Cubas dictator in 1959? Fidel Castro 26. Ho Chi Minh and his forces fought and finally

Points and Punctuation

Points and Punctuation Points and Punctuation Points and Punctuation By Mark Nichol Point and words and compounds containing that root, as well as terms with the element punct- and some similar (and not so similar forms), are all cognate, deriving from the Latin verb pungere, meaning â€Å"prick† or â€Å"stab.† Such words are listed and defined in this post. appoint: officially fix or set, or assign or name, or equip or furnish as appropriate; an appointee is a person assigned to an office or position, and an appointment is such an assignment, or an office or position itself, or an arranged meeting (or equipment or furnishings collectively); someone who is self-appointed has taken it upon himself or herself to occupy a literal or (usually) figurative position of authority ballpoint: a type of pen with a point consisting of a small rotating metal point from which ink is transferred to a surface on contact; usually called a ballpoint pen bluepoint: a type of oyster cashpoint: British English term for an ATM checkpoint: a location, generally at a border or entrance, at which entry is monitored colorpoint: a color pattern on a domestic cat consisting of a light-colored body with darker features compunction: misgiving, anxiety as a result of feelings of guilt, or distress about anticipation of an event or outcome contrapuntal: adjectival form of counterpoint (see next entry) counterpoint: something that complements or contrasts with something else, the use of a combining or contrasting element in a work of art, or a melody independent of a given melody; as a verb, arrange or compose in counterpoint, or set in contrast dew point: the temperature at which vapor condenses disappoint: fail or frustrate; disappointment is the quality of failure or frustration, or someone who or something that causes such feelings drypoint: an engraving made without fluid, or a print made from such an engraving embonpoint: plumpness end point: the point of completion of a process or stage; as endpoint, a point or value marking the end of a line segment, an interval, or a ray expunge: mark for deletion, or destroy, eliminate, or obliterate eyepoint: the position of placement of an eye in relation to an optical instrument being used flashpoint: the lowest temperature at which vapors produced by a volatile combustible substance will ignite when exposed to flame, or a point at which something suddenly is created or takes place or someone takes action goldpoint: the temperature equivalent to the melting point of gold gunpoint: the muzzle of a gun (used in the expression â€Å"at gunpoint,† meaning â€Å"having a gun pointed at one†) interpoint: a system of embossing braille on both sides of a paper interpunction: see punctuation knifepoint: the point of a knife blade (used in the expression â€Å"at knifepoint,† meaning â€Å"having a knife pointed at one†) midpoint: the halfway point in a journey, a race, or a process needlepoint: embroidery on a base of canvas, or lace on a base of paper, accomplished with a needle; also a verb describing the action of producing embroidery or lace outpoint: outscore, or sail closer to the wind than another vessel pen point: a metal attachment used for drawing or writing with ink pink: perforate ornamentally or cut a saw-toothed edge on, or pierce or stab, or figuratively wound with speech (other senses of pink are unrelated) pinpoint: a very small or insignificant thing, or a small or sharp point such as the point of a pin; as a verb, precisely aim, locate, or identify, or highlight poignant: emotionally cutting, piercing, or touching, or apt or stimulating, or, in the context of smell, pervasive point: a detail or essential point, the purpose or significance of something, a particular place or position or a geometric element marking a position, an exact moment or interval, a degree, stage, or step, a projecting part or marking, a unit for measuring or tallying, a compass position, any of various punctuation marks or other small marks, a short musical phrase, the head of a bow used with a stringed instrument, a small military detachment ahead of or behind an advance or rear guard or the foremost member of a military patrol, one of various positions of a player in team sports, or the credit or goodwill created by making a good impression; as a verb, sharpen or give emphasis, punctuate or mark with diacritics, direct attention to or indicate direction or position (as with a finger), turn to a particular direction, or indicate a fact or probability point blank: at close range point break: the point at which a wave breaks as it makes contact with a point of land point man: the foremost member of a military patrol, or an advocate, spokesperson, representative, or person at the forefront of a movement or organization point of view: a perspective or position for consideration or evaluation of something pointe: in ballet, a position of balance on the tip of a toe (sometimes referred to as â€Å"en pointe†) pointed: having a point, conspicuous, pertinent, or aimed at an individual or a group pointer: a stick used to direct an audience’s attention to a particular part of a display; a hint or suggestion; any of various breeds of hunting dogs; or a type of computer memory address pointillism: the painting technique of applying small dots or strokes of color to a surface that blend together from a distance; a practitioner of this technique is a pointillist pointless: ineffective or senseless pointy: coming to a point, or having various points that stick out pour point: the lowest temperature at which a substance flows punch: a tool for piercing or for applying pressure to a small area, or a hole or notch produced by a punch; a blow or the action of punching, or energy or forcefulness; strike or prod, or perforate or apply pressure as with a punch, or give emphasis or move forcefully; the sense of â€Å"fruit drink† is unrelated punctate: marked with dots, points, or small spots, or an area so marked punctation: marking of an area with dots, points, or small spots punctilio: a detail in conducting a ceremony or observing a code punction: a piercing punctual: on time; the quality of being on time is punctuality punctuate: mark or divide with punctuation marks such as commas and periods, divide into or interrupt at intervals, or accentuate or emphasize punctuation: symbols used to separate and clarify meaning of units of written content, or the act of using such marks, or something that accentuates or emphasizes punctulate: marked with small spots puncturation: the act, process, or state of being punctured, or arrangement or form of punctures puncture: an act of physically piercing or figuratively damaging, a hole or wound made by piercing, or a small depression; as a verb, pierce or deflate pungent: painful or pointed, or having an intense flavor or odor, or creating an irritating sensation silverpoint: a drawing technique using silver on a specially prepared surface standpoint: see â€Å"point of view† touchpoint: a point of contact between a buyer and a seller viewpoint: see â€Å"point of view† waypoint: a location on a route Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)"Confused With" and "Confused About"5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Financial analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial analysis - Essay Example – Financial Statement Analysis 1.1 Strategic Plan overview The Ann Arbor VA focuses on the provision of healthcare services to the veterans of US (Strategic Plan, p.11). The mission statement of Ann Arbor VA is as follows: â€Å"To care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan† (Affairs 2013). It is made clear that the organization’s role within its industry is unique. ... families, a practice that indicates the recognition for the veteran’s contribution in the power of the country as a member of the international community (Strategic Plan, p.5). One of the key challenges that Ann Arbor VA has to face is the ‘continuous change in its operating environment’ (Strategic Plan, p.12). The number of US veterans involved in military operations worldwide is continuously increased (Strategic Plan, p.12). Therefore, the demands for healthcare services from Ann Arbor VA tend also to increase, both as of their volume and as of their complexity (Strategic Plan, p.12). Through the years, the organization has managed to secure its effectiveness by employing a series of carefully designed plans and appropriate budgetary techniques, as explained below. The analysis of the financial ratios related to the organization’s performance also verifies the organization’s success in achieving its goals and objectives; of course, concerns in rela tion to the performance of certain organizational departments have not been avoided. 1.2 Financial Statement Analysis In order to evaluate the financial statements of an organization it is necessary to retrieve data related at least to two economic (concurrent) years of the particular organization, so that a comparison is feasible (Mohana 2011). Such comparison would also help to identify the firm’s weaknesses, in regard to its various operations (Gibson 2011). In addition, it is necessary to have access to different financial statements of the organization under examination; focusing only on Balance Sheet or other financial statement could lead to invalid assumptions regarding the organization’s actual financial performance (Bragg 2012). It should be noted that the financial analysis for Ann Arbor VA is based

E-marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-marketing - Essay Example The plan also gives an overview of the company competitors, market analysis and methods of measuring the success of the brand. Finally, recommendations on what the company can employ in order to ensure the success of the brand come the year 2013 are given at the end. 3.0 Company summary The company was formed basically as a clothing company meant to reach out to upper income class of people. This has made the company to have a range of products that are expensive and as a result, it has had a limited but profitable market share. The company sells clothing of both sexes mainly jackets, men and lady suits as well as travel bags. Despite the tough market competition, the company has maintained a steady flow of income compared to companies with similar operations. Over the past few years, the company has been experiencing fast growth in sales and market. However, it will be worth for the company to extend its operation to the middle income group of people. The company has its own outlets which supply products to wholesalers and retailers. In terms of E-business, the company has developed a site for purposes of online purchases. In this site, customers get a clear description of the company products available, their prices and delivery details. The company also posts pictures on available products and information on promotions available. 4.0 E-Marketing Objectives The main objectives of the E-marketing by the company is effective customer acquisition and to obtain a direct response from them. This is important considering the ever increasing percentage of people using the internet for business purposes. A direct response from the customer will form an important base of information for the company in terms of customer satisfaction. Another objective of the E-marketing is maintaining customer loyalty and customer retention. E-marketing ensures customers get timely information concerning new products offered by the company before they can search for the same products e lsewhere. 5.0 Company Analysis 5.1 SWOT analysis The main strengths of the company are regular customer needs analysis. This has enabled the company to produce products that achieve an instant reception. Specialization has enabled the company to always develop quality products that meet customer needs and tastes. Another strength of the company is its marketing strategies which are effective in maintaining its market share and customer loyalty, and obtaining customers. The main opportunity available for the company is the need for the product in the market. The company was able to conduct a needs analysis before coming up with the idea and realized that there was a need for the product. The results obtained from the needs analysis conducted by the company indicated that there will be a ready market for the brand upon its launch. Casual clothes available in the market are mainly cater for high income people hence there is a need to cover the middle income market. One major weakness o f the company is the possession of a supply chain (SC) that is less complex as compared to those of its competitors. The company therefore has to expand its SC for the success of the brand in the market. A major threat to the success of the brand is the available of cheap imported products that serve the same purpose. 5.2 Competitors Overview Due to high quality products, the company does not

Performance in Basketball and Badminton Essay Example for Free

Performance in Basketball and Badminton Essay Mostly stood at top of key waiting for people to pass to him and so did little movement  Major strengths of activity one- Basketball  1. Very good natural speed, able to keep up with the pace of the game  2. Natural accuracy when passing and shooting at short range  3. Good control of ball able to move at speed and hold control  4. Held his position as point guard well  5. kept away from opposition tackles  Major weaknesses of activity one- Basketball. 1. Over confidence when playing against people he thought he was better than  2. Over exerted himself and got tired  3. Head down when dribbling and missed lots of movement off the ball  4. Unable to throw ball long distances accurately  Major strengths of activity 2-Badminton  1. Short serve was effective in troubling their opponent.  2. Able to clear the net 90% of the game.  3. Net shots were good and they made the opponent struggle to return.  4. Good at using tactics to beat their opponent.  5. Smash was powerful and well positioned most of the time.  Major weaknesses of activity 2-Badminton  1. Lack of power in most shots.  2. Grip on racket was too tight so he couldnt control the racket effectively.  3. Movement on court was lacking and he didnt return to the centre of court often enough.  4. Overhead clear was not powerful enough to force opponent to play from the back of the court. Evaluation of Basketball This activity was not performed too well by the candidate. The subjects passing was weak, inaccurate and predictable so it was very hard to receive his passes. When receiving a pass he often went straight into dribbling this meant that he instantly lost his triple threat position. His shooting was often wayward of the basket and he could only score 50% of his lay-ups and rarely hit a shot from any distance. When laying up he took 3 steps to settle himself in and this in a game would be a travelling violation, which means that even if he scored the basket would not count to the score of the team and he would give away possession of the ball. In comparison with the rest of the group his skills were below average as the group were a top set PE group and most had a relatively good command of the group. His dribbling however was not too bad and the technique was similar to the demonstration given by the teacher in the fact that the ball was kept close to the body and the fingers were used to control the ball. His knowledge of the skill however was limited as he continued to double dribble on occasions, particularly when setting up for a shot or a pass. He also mainly used his right hand and when trying with his left he quickly lost control and dropped the ball then he was not fully committed to regaining control and instead of chasing the ball he pulled up and gave up the chase. Off the ball he was unable to gain a good position when on offence and never made any cuts into the key and he was always trying to get behind the ball this made him little threat towards the defensive side. When on defence he always chased the ball wherever it went and this left a hole in the defence that was easy to get through and this is a game-losing flaw in his skills. The group were performing a specific defensive strategy that the subject didnt seem to understand. Compared to players who were seemingly good at basketball his overall skills were relatively poor.  Overall his abilities in basketball are not effective but he could improve a lot and be good enough to hold his position in a game situation. His levels of fitness seemed to be quite high, particularly his speed over short distances, but his enthusiasm during the game seemed to affect his endurance because as the game progressed he seemed to be suffering from fatigue and the rest of the group were then able to take command of the game.

Gender :: essays research papers

GENDER Gender can be defined as the sex-role that a person takes on according to guidelines or standards instilled in us by society. One can be a male or female biologically, but still be perceived as the opposite sex due to the way one may think or present him self or her self. Whether or not we are born with certain biological traits different in male versus female is the nature versus nurture question that has been around for years. Through research, science has found that men and women differ in the way they process information, but whether or not this is due to the way that they are socialized or if in fact they are born this way has yet to be proven. In women and men, both respectfully, there exist many obvious differences that may sometimes overshadow some similarities. Some of the more common identities familiarized with the males are their independence and sometimes exaggerated aggressiveness. Males also tend to be more focused on tasks and connections when with larger groups. The women, on the other hand, tend to be more interdependent, less aggressive, more sharing, more imitation of relationship and intimate discussion, more charitable, more empathetic, more likely to smile, more sensitive, and more skilled at expressing emotions non-verbally. Let’s face it males, women are the super humans. One of the positive key advantages of a male is their assertiveness and high self-esteem. The women on the other hand are more extroverted and tender minded, qualities, which enable them to be all of the characteristics listed before. When gender differences are viewed at in a sexual aspect, the men are still the stereotypical â €Å"pigs†. Through relationships males are more likely to be involved for one thing, sex. The females, being much more sensitive and all, want love and compassion through a relationship, and maybe sex, or making love on the side. In other words men want lust and women want love. Although popular belief may have that the females are the more mentally advanced, or smarter, studies show that both males and females have the same academic abilities and IQ average. Males are much better with mental rotation though.

Censorship in Literature Essay

The works of J.D. Salinger, Harper Lee, and John Steinbeck are recognized as classic literature masterpieces that have been read by young students across the nation. Books such as the Catcher in the Rye, To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men, and many more have all been banned from schools at one point since being published (Top). The banning of books in schools is considered as censorship. There has been much controversy concerning the offensiveness of the profanity, racial comments, and sexual content these books are said to have. You would expect that readers nowadays be used to these types of elements in the books they read, but many school administrators still continue to censor specific books in hopes of keeping their students away from bad influences. To Kill a Mockingbird, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and Huckleberry Finn have all been challenged since the 1970’s because of the racial comments made throughout the books. The Catcher in the Rye, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Red Pony are just a few examples of books that have been challenged because the sexual content these books contain (Censored). If one were to read one of these books nowadays, it would be because a teacher had assigned the book to the student as a reading assignment. Would a teacher demand his students to read the first one hundred pages of a book if they thought the book had vulgar language and disturbing sexual content in it? It is understandable why a school would forbid its students to read books with adult content in it in the early to mid 1900’s because of the sensitive subjects the authors were writing about. Racist language was offensive to all races. The sexual content exhibited by the author in his books was offensive to the people that consider that the sexuality of a person is to remain clean and pure. Now in the 21st century, sensitive subjects such as racism, sexuality and even profanity are the least bit of a readers worries. Our opinions on what should be censored in literature have changed since the 20th century. The reasons for censorship in literature have expanded from racism and profanity to religion and witchcraft as the years have passed. Bless me, Ultima by Rodulfo Anaya, and the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling have been banned because it is said that these modern books promote witchcraft, which is beyond offensive to many religions (Banned). In our current generation, all people worry about is how books will harm our religion and way of living. Racism and profanity is not much of a worry because most of our society has grown past racism and has grown used to the fact that profanity is something we encounter everyday. So, why are some of the most popular classic novels still banned from some schools across the nation? It is believe that although our society has matured in the past century, schools still have some sort of policy which states that â€Å"books must be age appropriate and related to [the] school curriculum† (Coatney). Many schools believe that buy censoring literature they are preventing kids from being exposed to adult content, but in reality, what schools believe that specific books should be rated â€Å"R† are really rated â€Å"PG-13† to the minds of their students. Although schools and parents support the idea of censoring books because of their adult content, they do not realize that rather than protecting them, they are keeping them away from what can be valuable lessons. Books such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can contribute to the lesson that racism was never fair to begin with. By reading The Catcher in the Rye, the youth can learn that there is more to life than just violence and sex. Students can truly learn from the books that have been censored throughout these many years because â€Å"high school students are evolving and learning to formulate their own opinions in life†, regardless of the amount of vulgar language, sexual content, and violence that is in the books they choose to read (Censorship). However, there should be limits to how much adult and offensive content there is in books. For example Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf is a book that encourages racism and violence while other books only promote the importance of goodness by exposing the bad. Books such as that are the type of books that can do some harm to the youth of our society. Also, there are some books in present day that should be censored because of their sexual content. Fifty Shades of Grey, written by E.L. James is, for example, too outspoken for the young readers of today. The sexual content in The Catcher in the Rye would be considered to be nothing compared to the work of E.L. James. Although every book cannot be kept away from each student, the books that are labeled as too explicit should at least be the ones to be banned from schools. Censorship has played a large role in literature ever since authors have experimented with the types of stories they can create by using different types of adult content to get their lesson across. Many classic literatures that have been taught in schools for many years have been censored many times since the first time they were published, but people still find a way to make a positive lesson out of those books regardless of the content demonstrated by the author of the book. It is possible that one day books will not need to be censored because of how exposed our future generations will be due to what is exhibited out in the real world for everyday people to see. Works Cited â€Å"Banned & Challenged Books.† Good Reads. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"CENSORED BOOKS IN THE USA.† Bulletin 43 over Censored Books in the USA. Office for Intellectual Freedom, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Censorship: The Negative Effects Parents Don’t Know About.† Yahoo! Contributor Network. N.p., 11 May 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. Coatney, Sharon. â€Å"Banned Books: A School Librarian’s Perspective.† Time.com. N.p., 22 Sept. 2000. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009.† American Library Association. N.p., n.d. Web.18 Jan. 2013.

Political Philosophy and National Integration Essay

1. Central Quotation â€Å"National integration is partly a by-product of other social and economic developments, partly the result of deliberate government policies.† (Birch, 36) 2. Argument In this text Birch gives a historical overview of national integration process. He discusses different attitudes towards assimilation of minorities that existed in North America and Europe. Before 1960s that it was current believe that national integration could be challenged by the existence of different ethnic groups within the borders of the country and assimilation was desirable. After 1960 however, this attitudes has changed in favour of social pluralism. Birch also presents patterns, which describes common practices of national integration. 3. Question The question raised in this text is â€Å"Whether the process of national integration must be accompanied by wholly or partial assimilation of minorities?† Birch describes both negative and positive effects, which social, economic and political integration of minor ethnic and cultural groups could have on building a sense of nationhood. His argumentation is based on contradictory assertions. One argument is in favour of social homogeneity i.e. stresses the importance of common language and feeling of unity among people for development of democratic institutions. In the same time author mention several scientific works that question the assumption that further integration is required for establishment of representative democracy. 4. Experiential Connection Even thou I grew up in Sweden, I have a lot of friends with different ethnic origin who lives there, mostly 1st or 2nd generation immigrants. All of them had a chance, upon their own will to learn Swedish free of charge as soon as they arrived. That was the part of integration programme established by government in order to facilitate immigration process. That makes it easier for immigrants to interact with local citizens, get the jobs and thus contribute to social, political and economic development of the country. 5. Textual Connection. Birch’s argumentation is quite similar to Will Kymlicka’sagrument in the text â€Å"Western political theory and ethnic relations in eastern Europe†. As well as Birch, Kymlicka stresses that attitudes toward ethnic minorities among democratic liberals in West had changed since 1960 and multiculturalism become more acceptable (Kymlicka, s. 33). Kymlicka focuses on different ethnic groups and describes assimilation attempts made by governments towards these groups. He also emphasizes the importance of different governmental policies that determines integration process (Kymlicka, s. 42). 6. Implications. This text analyses the different ways in which minor groups can be merged into national societies and poses the question of whether national integration is a positive or a negative process. This question must be answered by citizens and representative governments in every country before there will be taken any further action toward national integration or disintegration. I think government have to consider prior experience of integration of minorities in different countries to choose appropriated policies for the particular county. This can be done throughout case studies and with help of patterns of integration drawn up by theorists and scientists.

Erich Hartmann - World War II Ace - Luftwaffe

Erich Hartmann - World War II Ace - Luftwaffe Erich Hartmann - Early Life Career: Born April 19, 1922, Erich Hartmann was the son of Dr. Alfred and Elisabeth Hartmann. Though born in Weissach, Wà ¼rttemberg, Hartmann and his family moved to Changsha, China shortly thereafter due to the severe economic depression that struck Germany in the years after World War I. Residing in a house on the Xiang River, the Hartmanns lived a quiet life while Alfred established his medical practice. This existence came to an end in 1928 when the family was forced to flee back to Germany following the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War. Sent to school in Weil im Schà ¶nbuch, Erich later attended schools in Bà ¶blingen, Rottweil, and Korntal. Erich Hartmann - Learning to Fly: As a child, Hartmann was first exposed to flying by his mother who was one of Germanys first female glider pilots. Learning from Elisabeth, he received his glider pilots license in 1936. That same year, she opened a flying school Weil im Schà ¶nbuch with the support of the Nazi government. Though young, Hartmann served as one of the schools instructors. Three years later, he earned his pilots license and was permitted to fly powered aircraft. With the beginning of World War II, Hartmann entered the Luftwaffe. Commencing training on October 1, 1940, he initially received an assignment to the 10th Flying Regiment in Neukuhren. The following year saw him move through a series of flight and fighter schools. n March 1942, Hartmann arrived at Zerbst-Anhalt for training on the Messerschmitt Bf 109. On March 31, he violated regulations by performing aerobatics over the airfield. Sanctioned to confinement and fines, the incident taught him self-discipline. In a twist of fate, the confinement saved Hartmanns life when a comrade was killed flying a training mission in his aircraft. Graduating in August, he had built a reputation as a skilled marksman and was assigned to Fighter Supply Group, East in Upper Silesia. In October, Hartmann received new orders assigning him to Jagdgeschwader 52 in Maykop, Soviet Union. Arriving on the Eastern Front, he was placed in Major Hubertus von Bonins III./JG 52 and mentored by Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann. Erich Hartmann - Becoming an Ace: Entering combat on October 14, Hartmann performed poorly and crashed his Bf 109 when it ran out of fuel. For this transgression, von Bonin made him work for three days with the ground crew. Resuming combat flying, Hartmann scored his first kill on November 5 when he downed an Ilyushin Il-2. He shot down an additional aircraft before the end of the year. Gaining in skill and learning from skilled compatriots such as Alfred Grislawski and Walter Krupinski, Hartmann became more successful in early 1943. By the end of April he had become an ace and his tally stood at 11. Repeatedly encouraged to get closer to enemy aircraft by Krupinski, Hartmann developed his philosophy of when he [the enemy] fills the entire windscreen you cant miss. Using this approach, Hartmann began rapidly increasing his tally as Soviet aircraft fell before his guns. In the fighting that occurred during the Battle of Kursk that summer, his total reached 50. By August 19, Hartmann had downed another 40 Soviet aircraft. On that date, Hartmann was aiding in supporting a flight of Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers when the Germans encountered a large formation of Soviet aircraft. In the resulting fight, Hartmanns aircraft was badly damaged by debris and he came down behind enemy lines. Quickly captured, he feigned internal injuries and was placed in a truck. Later in the day, during a Stuka attack, Hartmann jumped his guard and escaped. Moving west, he successfully reached German lines and returned to his unit. Erich Hartmann - The Black Devil: Resuming combat operations, Hartmann was awarded the Knights Cross on October 29 when his kill total numbered 148. This number increased to 159 by January 1 and the first two months of 1944 saw him shoot down another 50 Soviet planes. An aerial celebrity on the Eastern Front, Hartmann was known by his call sign Karaya 1 and the distinctive black tulip design that was painted around the engine cowling of his aircraft. Feared by the Russians, they gave the German pilot the sobriquet The Black Devil and avoided combat when his Bf 109 was spotted. In March 1944, Hartmann and several other aces were ordered to Hitlers Berghof in Berchtesgaden to receive awards. At this time, Hartmann was presented with the Oak Leaves to the Knights Cross. Returning to JG 52, Hartmann began engaging American aircraft in the skies over Romania. Clashing with a group of P-51 Mustangs on May 21 near Bucharest, he scored his first two American kills. Four more fell to his guns on June 1 near PloieÅŸti. Continuing to run up his tally, he reached 274 on August 17 to become the top-scorer of the war. On the 24th, Hartmann downed 11 aircraft to reach 301 victories. In the wake of this achievement, Reichsmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring immediately grounded him rather than risk his death and a blow to Luftwaffe morale. Summoned to the Wolfs Lair in Rastenburg, Hartmann was given the Diamonds to his Knights Cross by Hitler as well as a ten-day leave. During this period, the Luftwaffes Inspector of Fighters, Adolf Galland, met with Hartmann and asked him to transfer to the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet program. Erich Hartmann - Final Actions: Though flattered, Hartmann declined this invitation as he preferred to stay with JG 52. Galland again approached him in March 1945 with the same offer and was again rebuffed. Slowly increasing his total through the winter and spring, Hartmann reached 350 on April 17. With the war winding down, he scored his 352nd and final victory on May 8. Finding two Soviet fighters performing aerobatics on the last day of the war, he attacked and downed one. He was prevented in claiming the other by the arrival of American P-51s. Returning to base, he directed his men to destroy their aircraft before moving west to surrender to the US 90th Infantry Division. Though he had surrendered to the Americans, the terms of the Yalta Conference dictated that units that had largely fought on the Eastern Front were to capitulate to the Soviets. As a result, Hartmann and his men were turned over to the Red Army. Erich Hartmann - Postwar: Entering Soviet custody, Hartmann was threatened and interrogated on several occasions as the Red Army attempted to compel him to join the newly formed East German Air Force. Resisting, he was charged with bogus war crimes which included killing civilians, bombing a bread factory, and destroying Soviet aircraft. Found guilty after a show trial, Hartmann was sentenced to twenty-five years of hard labor. Moved between work camps, he was finally released in 1955 with the aid of West German Chancellor Conrad Adenauer. Returning to Germany, he was among the last prisoners of war to be released by the Soviet Union. After recovering from his ordeal, he joined the West German Bundesluftwaffe. Given command of the services first all-jet squadron, Jagdgeschwader 71 Richthofen, Hartmann had the noses of their Canadair F-86 Sabres painted with his distinctive black tulip design. In the early 1960s, Hartmann vigorously opposed the Bundesluftwaffes purchase and adoption of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter as he believed the aircraft to be unsafe. Overruled, his concerns proved true when over 100 German pilots were lost in F-104-related accidents. Increasingly unpopular with his superiors due to continued criticism of the aircraft, Hartmann was forced into early retirement in 1970 with the rank of colonel. Becoming a flight instructor in Bonn, Hartmann flew demonstration shows with Galland until 1974. Grounded in 1980 due to heart problems, he resumed flying three years later. Increasingly withdrawing from public life, Hartmann died on September 20, 1993 in Weil im Schà ¶nbuch. The highest scoring ace of all-time, Hartmann was never downed by enemy fire and never had a wingman killed. Selected Sources Aces of World War II: Erich HartmannLuftwaffe: Erich HartmannWorld War II: Erich Hartmann

Spains Arab Connection Influenced the Language

Spain's Arab Connection Influenced the Language If you speak either Spanish or English, you probably speak more Arabic than you think. Its not real Arabic youre speaking, but rather words that come from the Arabic language. After Latin and English, Arabic is probably the biggest contributor of words to the Spanish language. A large portion of English-Spanish cognates that dont come from Latin come from Arabic. Spanish Words and Arabic Origins If you know much about etymology, the English words youre most likely to think of as Arabic origin are those that start with al-. This includes words such as algebra, Allah, alkali, and alchemy. These words exist in Spanish as lgebra, Al, lcali, and alquimia, respectively. But they are far from the only Arabic-derived words in Spanish. A variety of other types of common words such as coffee, zero, and sugar (cafà ©, cero, and azà ºcar in Spanish) also come from Arabic. The introduction of Arabic words into Spanish began in earnest in the eighth century. But even before then, some words of Latin and Greek origin had roots in Arabic. People living in what is now Spain spoke Latin at one time, but over the centuries, Spanish and other Romance languages (such as French and Italian) gradually differentiated themselves. The Latin dialect that eventually became Spanish was highly influenced by the invasion of the Arabic-speaking Moors in 711. For many centuries, Latin/Spanish and Arabic existed side by side. Even today, many Spanish place names retain Arabic roots. It wasnt until late in the 15th century that the Moors were expelled. By then, literally thousands of Arabic words had become part of Spanish. Although it is believed that the English words alfalfa and alcove, which originally were Arabic, entered English by way of Spanish (alfalfa and alcoba), most Arabic words in English probably entered the language by other routes. Keep in mind also that Arabic has changed substantially since the 15th century. Some Arabic words from then arent necessarily still in use, or they have changed in meaning. aceite - oilaceituna - oliveadobe - adobeaduana - customs (as at a border)ajedrez - chessAl - Allahalacrn - scorpionalbacora - albacorealbahaca - basilalberca - tank, swimming poolalcalde - mayorlcali - alkalialcatraz - pelicanalczar - fortress, palacealcoba - bedroom, alcovealcohol - alcoholalfil - bishop (in chess)alfombra - carpetalgarroba - carobalgodà ³n - cottonalgoritmo - algorithmalmacà ©n - storagealmanaque - almanacalmirante - admiralalmohada - pillowalquiler - rentalquimia - alchemyamalgama - amalgamaà ±il - indigoarroba - symbolarroz - riceasesino - assassinatà ºn - tunaayatol - ayatollahazafrn - saffronazar - chanceazà ºcar - sugarazul - blue (same source as English azure)balde - bucketbarrio  - districtberenjena - eggplantburca - burqacafà © - coffeecero - zerochivo - billy goatcifra - cifraCorn - Korancuscà ºs - couscousdado - die (singular of dice)espinaca - spinachfez - fezfulano - whats-his-namegacela - gazelleguitarra - guitarhachà ­s - hashishharà ©n - haremhasta - untilimn - imamislam - Islamjaque - check (in chess)jaque mate - checkmatejirafa - giraffelaca - lacquerlila - lilaclima - limelimà ³n - lemonloco - crazymacabro - macabremarfil - marble, ivorymasacre - massacremasaje - massagemscara - maskmazapn - marzipanmezquita - mosquemomia - mummymono - monkeymuslim - muslimnaranja - orangeojal - I hope, God willingolà © - bravoparaà ­so - paradiseramadn - Ramadanrehà ©n - hostagerincà ³n - corner, nooksandà ­a - watermelonsof - sofasorbete  - sherbetrubio - blondtalco - talctamarindo - tamarindtarea - tasktarifa - tarifftrtaro - tartartaza - cuptoronja - grapefruitzafra - harvestzanahoria - carrotzumo - juice

How can social policy eradicate child poverty Essay

How can social policy eradicate child poverty - Essay Example eople have different thoughts on who is responsible for tackling the issue of child poverty; although the entire burden of blame would be on the government, families, communities and organizations, - all who have to play the biggest role since they face and handle the problem often. Referring to the UNICEF, child poverty is expressed â€Å"as the deprivation of a range of both material and social supports and services that it considers to be essential to ensure children’s well-being† (Minujin, et al., 2006, p. 485). Helping the children escape poverty has to occur early in life when a problem is discovered, so that rectification takes place. By assisting the children, their future is secured; but also their families and the entire community’s lives benefit from the process. The power to prevent child poverty is within human reach making it possible to formulate social policies, which are action oriented through use of both economic and non economic resources, in equal redistribution as a way of improving the child welfare. Through the government, social policies are delivered through the enactment and reforms of law. The administration comes up with programs and initiatives just like community organizations to benefit the child welfare, by improving their economic and social state. The social policies help to protect the child and uphold their fundamental rights, which may entail helping the children or the young individuals directly or providing extensive support to their families. Children are sensitive beings who do not have the power to vote, or form petition authorities to foster programs that could defend their right. Whether being born in poverty or suffering from it during the childhood, the social policies provide rescue plans if not reducing the impact it causes in their lives. Some of the social policies are government pensions, welfare to the poor, health care, food stamps, unemployment benefits, affordable housing initiatives, educational

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Tayade (2014) explains that due to the emerging complexity of mobile devices, security trends are becoming more prevalent in various firms. Yang et al. (2011) explains that cloud computing in organizations has been essential in the fact that it assists easier access and processing of information. The cloud computing systems have also assisted in effective storage of sensitive information in order to provide minimum security operations. The organizations have been made possible to use enforceable password to unlock screens and implement automatic lock on the device using cloud computing. Cloud computing systems also result in fixed device encryption, which has been installed to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive data whenever there is any theft or loss of the device. Anti-virus, firewall, or anti-malware software is installed in cloud computing systems (Tayade, 2014). Performing system scans has been beneficial since it assists check for any malicious threats or viruses. Ren et al. (2011) argue that cloud computing users do not install applications directly from the internet without having any assurance that the product to be installed is safe or has no malicious code. As such, restrictions on cloud computing users are advantageous because the operators can download applications from any websites and perform third-party software installation (Tayade, 2014). Cloud computing has become an attractive target for many cybercriminals, and the susceptibility of open source application is well documented. This occurs mainly in organizations that use mobile and cloud computing appliances to download apps without applying security practices like installing antivirus software to their devices (Tayade, 2014). Ren et al. (2011) indicate that when suspicious threat occurs, the organizations can limit and restrict mobile access by customers by applying some hardening steps to mitigate security trends. Various organizations face refined cyber security problems

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 17

Strategic Management - Essay Example l segment along with other major players that include but is not limited to Mercedes Benz, General Motors, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen (Sturgeon, Biesebroeck and Gereffi, 2008). Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) is based in Munich and started out as a aero-engine manufacturing company in 1917. Subsequently it transferred its attention to the business activity of manufacturing motorcycles and then into passenger cars. In 1936 BMW brought out its first sports care model and by the middle of the twentieth century established itself in the automobile industry as a manufacturer of elegant, prestigious and superior performance automobiles. In the new millennium, through its restructuring activities BMW has attempted to secure and strengthen its position in the premium segment of automobiles, through its prestigious BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce brands (ICMR, 2002). In 2009 the number of BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce cars that were sold totaled 1,286,610 units. This figure represents a slide of 10.4% in the number of cars in all its brands sold by BMW in 2008. A similar slide is also seen in the sales revenue for the two years. In 2009 the total sales volume was euro 47,737 million, which is 10.3% less than the total sales volume of BMW in 2008. The company has attributed the under performance in 2009 to the continuing poor state of the economies in its main markets in the developed world and the economic stimulus attempted in the developed world not really making the desired impact (BMW, 2010). Thierauf 2001, p.206 defines critical success factors (CSF) for any business enterprise as â€Å"the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful competitive performance†. The wider picture on CSF and the key activities connected to it, besides favorable results in these areas for the achievement of strategic objectives, also means that it indicates where things need to proceed on the right path for the growth of the business enterprise and

The Press Agentry Model Media Essay

The Press Agentry Model Media Essay The earliest PR model to appear was press agentry or publicity. It emerged in the late 19th century and was characterized as one-way, source-to-receiver communication where the flow of information is only from the sender to the receiver. The sender is not much concerned about the second partys feedback, reviews and so on. Press agentry attempts to change the behavior of publics without changing the behavior of the organization. Under the press agentry, public relations strive for publicity in the media in almost any way possible. Grunig Hunt confirm that the model involves a propaganda function (Grunig Hunt, 1984 pp. 21) and academics such as Butterick (2009), Theaker (2004), and Johnston Zawawi (2004) agree that accuracy and credibility are somewhat compromised as the goal of the model is to influence the audience by manufacturing news, be that by way of stunts or explicit publicity seeking. Butterick (2009) states that practitioners who use this model become press agents, utilis ing a range of PR tools from press releases to publicity stunts which in turn ensures that an audience takes a specific course of action. Press agents did little research aside from monitoring the media in which they sought to place favorable articles about their clients. The prototype practitioner of this model was the American impresario P. T. Barnum. He promoted circuses and other entertainment venues such as the singer Jenny Lind. Publicity continues to be a component of contemporary American PR and is used in sports, entertainment and product publicity, although todays practitioners are less likely to take liberties with the truth. In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations expects enhance the reputation of the organization among the target audience, stakeholders, employees, partners, all other associated with it through manipulation. According to this model, hire public relations expects who create a positive image of their brand in the minds of target audience through arguments and reasoning. They influence their potential customers by simply imposing their ideas, thoughts, creative stories of their bran d, USPs of the products and so on. Flow of information takes place only from the public relations expects to the target audiences. (One-Way communication) Although J. Grunig and Hunt acknowledged that there had been public-relations-like activities throughout history, they claimed that the press agents of the mid-19th century were the first full- name specialists to practice public relations. These press agents practiced the press agentry/ publicity model of public relations for such heroes as Andrew Jackson, Daniel Boone, Buffalo Bill Cody, and Calamity Jane. The most prominent of these practitioners was P.T. Barnum, who skillfully promoted his circus performers using the axiom, There is a sucker born every minute. Curiosity and scepticism played a pivotal role in the success of the press agentry model in the 19th Century, as illustrated with Barnums stunt, and to this day it still does. Butterick (2009) points out that we only have to look at the inner editorial pages of the tabloid newspapers, the celebrity magazines or observe when a new movie or CD is launched to see the press agentry model in its purest form. Press agents like Max Clifford are often seen as masters of the industry, carefully manipulating the media coverage of their clients, as Butterick notes; even the so-called exclusive pictures of semi-naked celebrities on a beach in a Sunday newspaper can sometimes be the result of a collusion between the stars publicist and photographer. Although it is clear from the examples above that the press agentry model is still very much in use in the 21st Century, we can easily argue that the ethics involved in this model are highly questionable, and the admission from Grunig Hunt that the model has an element of propaganda attached to it does nothing to distil the negative connotations attached to PR as propaganda (Butterick, 2009). However, despite these criticisms, it is ultimately our curiosity and scepticism which ensures the press agentry model is still alive and well in the modern day. Although the modern day PR practitioner must be more au fait with the truth, the very foundations of the model still exist whether it be to publicise a sporting event, a theatre production, or the scariest film of the decade, as in the recent movie release Paranormal Activity (2009). We, the public, will either want to believe what we see, or find out for ourselves if our scepticism can be proven correct which is why this model still works for practitioners seeking to gain the illusive media spotlight and is therefore relevant for the 21st Century. Having established a need for the press agentry model in the 21st Century, we must now look at its successor; how it works, and how it continues to work today, in order to establish how relevant it remains. The public information model surfaced circa 1920, when, some say, the press agentry model started to lose credibility with journalists who had caught on to the press agents way of emitting the truth on many an occasion to get their clients into the media (Grunig Hunt, 1984). Although similar to the press agentry model in that it is characterised by a one way method of communication, the public information model differs because it is aimed at giving its audience clear and factual information. Press agentry is closely associated with publicity in the entertainment world. Press agentry is the practice of attracting the attention of the press through technique that manufactures news. Methods associated with press agentry include staged events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning, and hype. A common practice is the late 1800s and early 1900s, press agentry is not part of mainstream public relations. Rather, it is a practice primarily associated with major entertainment-related events, such as Hollywood premieres and boxing matches. The goal of press agentry is to attract attention rather than gain understanding. Even today, however, the term press agent is sometimes used interchangeably with publicist in traditional Broadway theater and motion picture industries. Todays entertainment industries are populated with publicists rather than press agents. Publicists are individuals skilled in media relations who attempt to get the name of their clients or events in the media by carefully constructing messages that inform, educate, and persuade. Some are astute in branding and positioning strategies to aid the careers and success of their clients. In contrast, press agents want attention either good or bad in most any form. Press agentry had been called persuasion for short-term advantage through the use of truth bending and even distortion, but it can also be simply the staging of provocative acts to get publicity and draw attention to an individual, event, or cause. Therefore, it is understandable that one of the earliest proponents of press agentry was Phineas Taylor (P.T) Barnum, the famed American showman and promoter who put gun Gen. Tom Thumb on exhibit and launched a mobile circus featuring Jumbo the elephant and freak shows. Barnum was a master of press agentry. For instance, he wrote letters both praising and criticizing his circus show to newspaper under an assumed name. In the early part of his career, Edward L. Bernays was also a master of press agentry. He persuaded 10 debutantes to hold up Lucky Strike cigarettes manufactured by his client, the American Tobacco Company, as torches of freedom while participating in New Yorks Easter parade. In 1929, Bernays staged a global news event by organizing the Lights Golden Jubilee, a worldwide calebration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the electric light bulb for his client, General Electric. Bernays managed to secure several prominent individuals for that event, including carmaker Henry Ford, electricity scientist Thomas Edison, and President Herbert Hoover. Henry Rogers, one of the founders of Rogers and Cowan, the largest and most successful West Coast entertainment publicity firm, became well known when he promoted an unknown contract player for Columbia Pictures named Rita Hayworth. He contacted Look magazine with a telegram from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America, a fictitious group, claiming that Hayworth was the best-dressed off-screen actress. Look magazine took the bait and put Hayworth on the cover and published 10 pages of her photographs.

Female Genital Mutilation in Islam Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive T

Female Genital Mutilation in Islam      Ã‚   Female circumcision is a practice not uncommon in Muslim society.   Although this practice does not only occur within Muslim society, this paper will focus on the practices that do occur within Islamic society.   The Islamic countries with the most prevalence in practicing this form of genital mutilation are Sudan (98%), Somalia (98%), and Egypt (75%) (El Saadawi 34).   Other Islamic countries that practice this are Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and India, which practice this under the name of sunnah circumcision.   Sunnah refers to the Muslim religion, although it is not clearly defined within the religion. There are three major types of female circumcision that are commonly practiced within Islamic society.   These types are:   sunnah; clitoridectomy or excision; infibulation or pharaonic circumcision.   Sunnah is performed according to the tradition of Mohammed.   Religious circles who favor this method of circumcision usually do not give details as to what the act actually entails.   Some circles say that is the complete removal of the clitoris and labia minora, whereas others tend to say that it is just the cutting of the kernel-shaped external skin above the genitals (Falk).   A cliteridectomy consists of ablation of the clitoris as well as the labia minora.   Infibulation involves complete removal of the clitoris, labia minora, and part of the labia majora.   Then the two sides of the vulva are sewn together with silk, thorns, or slivers of wood in order to close the vulva, except for a passage of urine and menstrual flow (Falk).   Even with minimal excisions, th is experience undoubtedly traumatizes the female.   "To some extent all excisions involve some degree of irreparable loss.   A... ...Facts.   In Global Problems [On-line].   4 paragraphs.   Available HTTP: www.earlham.edu/earlhamcollege/polisci/globalprobs/fgm/Biology.html Brownlee, Shannon, and Jennifer Seter.   "In the Name of Ritual."   U.S. News and World Report 7 Feb 1994:   56-58. Cloudsley, Anne.   Women of Omdurman.   London:   Ethnographica, 1983.   105-125. El Saadawi, Nawal.   The Hidden Face of Eve, Women in the Arab World.   tr. & ed. Sherif Hetata.   London:   Zed Press, 1980.   30-44. Falk, Geoffrey.   11 August 1995.   Circumcision Information and Resource Pages [On-line]. Available:   halt.culture.Internet.Netscape.html Gaudio, Attilio, and Renee Pelletier.   Femmes.   Paris:   Donoel/Gonthier Press, 1980.   52-54. Mire, Soraya.   "A Wrongful Rite."   Essnece June 1994:   42. Sanderson, Lilisan P.   Against Mutilation of Women.   London:   Ithaca Press, 1981.   25.

Animal Liberation and Their Moral Status Essay

Peter Singer, author of the highly revered book entitled ‘Animal Liberation’, caused quite a stir when he released this book in 1975. Considered by some as the Bible of animal rights, the book aimed to halt the abuse that a lot of nonhuman animals were experiencing at the expense of human beings. This would include the use of animals for experimentation, as well as the consumption of animals as part of our everyday meals. The book made it a point to emphasize the fact that majority of the humans are taking advantage of animals, and treating them with disregard and without any form of consideration whatsoever. Many people credited the effectiveness of Singer’s book for the sudden burst of animal rights into the mainstream of issues surrounding society. No doubt, his views on animal rights has had a significant influence in the past. Alex Pacheco helped found People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PeTA), after reading Singer’s book. And many people still use his book as a reference when discussing the rights of animals (Internal Vegetation Union, 2006). Even so, Singer’s skills as a messenger can’t alone explain how concern about the status and treatment of animals has moved into the mainstream of public policy discussions. Master communicator though he be, the culture had to be ready for his message. It had been prepared by several factors, among them the civil rights, peace and women’s movements and the apparent failure of science and technology to deliver fully on all their promises. Chernobyl, holes in the ozone layer, pesticides in the food chain, and the possibility of a brave new world created by cloning and genetic engineering have put the suspicion and fear of scientists into our collective hearts. Singer’s Animal Rights Still, Singer proceeds to emphasize a lot of his points in his book, as to why animal cruelty should be abolished from society. For one thing, animals and humans, despite some similarities, are still so relatively different that it would be pointless to apply the results that one would acquire from animal testing, and apply it to humans. Aside from that, both animal pain and its relief by means of anesthesia not only interferes with the experimental results, but invalidates it as well. Also, there are now numerous alternatives to animal research, that wouldn’t involve hurting them in any way or form. By doing animal research, whether it is needed or could be beneficial, it is still morally wrong to inflict injury upon animals, as they too have the tendency to feel pain. Singer’s main point of concern is that nonhuman animals should not be subjected to being treated so harshly and without compassion. It is not to say that animals should be treated as equals; rather, humans should not do to them what we wouldn’t do to our fellow species. If a scientist would consider it immoral to experiment on another human being, the same sentiment should be shared to animals. If it would be morally unacceptable to use human beings as a source of food, then why is eating animals any different? Just as it is wrong to kill a fellow human being, so should be the case with animals as well. Singer believed that animals should not be â€Å"a means towards our end†, and treat them as mere commodities which only exist to satisfy our own needs, and should be treated as fellow living things (Lim, 2008). Singer’s philosophical views hold a lot of truth, as the abuse that some animals face due to the work of human beings should be considered as morally wrong. Animals should not be subjected to all sorts of scientific experiments, even if these scientists claim that this for the greater good. Some scientists would argue that the studies they make on animals would benefit us, as their discoveries could pave the way for a better understanding of life in general. But using animals as test subjects should not be condoned, especially if the animals’s health and life is in parrel. Animals should not be harmed, period, no matter what the circumstances are. In terms of preserving their lives, their rights should be just as a high as any human’s. Contradicting Singer’s Arguments Though some of Singer’s arguments may be valid, I cannot say that I agree with some of his beliefs. For instance, in the animal kingdom, when a dominant animal kills one of its prey and feeds it to its family, is that animal considered a murderer? Would it also be considered as, ironically, inhuman? Some would say that animals kill other animals as part of their primal insticts, as a need to feed themselves in order to survive. But if humans eat other animals, shouldn’t it also be considered as the same primal needs? Singer might consider the thought of eating meat to be unruly and wrong, but I beg to differ. Since the beginning of time, the earliest of humans, being not as intelligent as we are now, had the same primal instincts as any other animal. Humans, for the most part, are born as omnivores (Best, 1991). We cannot help it if we crave to eat meat rather than just fruits, vegetables and other natural produce. So for someone to dispute that humans should not eat animals is to go against our own human nature and instincts. Of course, its wrong to eat a fellow human being. But how often have you seen any other animal eating its own kind, too? In that case, it’s not even about being a species of higher intelligence. Not even animals of lower intellect would do such a thing. The point is,   eating another species is part of our natural instincts; not as humans, but as natural-born omnivores. And to say that we are morally wrong to eat anything other than what grows on the ground would be to contradict the nature of not only humans, but the entire animal kingdom as well. We may be more intelligent than animals, but have the same primal needs as animals do, and to deprive us of following that need would also be considered wrong. How then, do we come to a compromise? I believe that Singer had it right when he pointed out the abuse that animals endure when being used as test subjects for scientific experiments. This method is not only unnecessary, but it should be considered as morally wrong. The same goes for sports hunting. The killing of animals should not be done as a leisurely activity, as we would not do it against our fellow man. In terms of consuming other animals as food, while I personally believe there should be limits in terms of choosing what animals can be considered, it should not be taken against those who prefer to eat meat. We as omnivores have our own needs. though not to say that we can’t survive without eating meat, it is still part of our nature to crave for it. In terms of morals, humans should not be held accountable for consuming other animals, as it is what binds us with them. To conclude, animal rights have long ways to go before any permanet laws could be issued that would be fair on both sides. Though Singer stresses a lot of important points, one still cannot deny our own rights, not as humans but as part of the circle of living creatures.   References Best, Steven. Philosophy Under Fire: The Peter Singer Controversy (1991). Retrieved 18 June    2008 from http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Saints/Authors/Interviews/Peter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   %20Singer—summary.htm Lim, Alvin. On Peter Singer’s Ethics of Animal Liberation (2008). Retrieved 18 June 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://chlim01.googlepages.com/singer.htm Professor Peter Singer (2006). International Vegetation Union. Retrieved 18 June 2008 from

Five Ways to Kill a Man

In this very blunt poem, Edwin Brock describes five distinct eras in which death had taken place. It is also hinted how man has evolved in their methods to kill themselves. Each stanza represents a different time and place. This is ranged from the biblical era to the mid-twentieth century. Different phrases within the stanzas give away which era Brock is referring to. All of which have different meanings and a very unemotional tone to them. â€Å"And one man to hammer the nails home. † The first stanza features the phrase above.It refers to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, when nailing a person to wood using nails to hold the victim was capital punishment. The people are assumed to be Roman, since this form of capital punishment was only practiced by this group in ancient times. The line in which â€Å"a crowd of people wearing sandals† reinforces the idea of the people being Roman. Brock suggests that in order to do something as gruesome as killing a person, all one wo uld need was a person, some wood, as well as nails.Things become more a tad more complicated in the â€Å"war or the roses†, or the European Middle Ages when weapons come into play. â€Å"A length of steel, shaped and chased in a traditional way† applies to swords or really any type of weapon that could be used â€Å"†¦to pierce the metal cage he wears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or armor. Brock illustrates how wars were fought for honor. â€Å"At least two flags†, is referring to two different armies, or royalties that fight against each other so that one can gain glory and celebrate their victory by having a banquet. Gas warfare in the First World War is described in the third stanza.In this time, men would blow mustard-gas, or chlorine gas, at their enemy when the wind would be blowing in the right direction. In this time, â€Å"mud ditches† were also introduced, allowing for soldiers to hide from their enemies as well as attack without being in full view. â⠂¬Å"Round hats made of steel† describes the helmets that soldiers would wear for protection. In the forth stanza, the â€Å"age of aeroplanes† describes being to dispose of the enemy by only â€Å"pressing one small switch†. This means killing by bombing, as what was done in world war two. Since bombing was practiced by he Germans, the Japanese, as well as the Americans, no one can be too sure which nation Brock is referring to, if any specifically. However, since the line â€Å"an ocean to separate you, two systems of government, a nation’s scientists, several factories† it is implied that it is referring to the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. This is because both nations used every scientist possible as well as every factory in order to find new ways to destroy one another. â€Å"A psychopath†, is mentioned in regards to Hitler. The last stanza is even broader than the last.Purposely making it to where the reader’s own op inions can take form and assume their own reasonable explanations. â€Å"Simpler, direct, and much more neat is to se he is living somewhere in the middle of the twentieth century, and leave him there. † In my own interpretation of this line, I think Brock was trying to say to us that it’s so much easier to kill a man in this day and age than it was in biblical times or the Middle Ages. Man has evolved so much in their attempt to perfect their way of killing, that all one would have to do is leave a man in this day and age and death would be able to find him.

Execution of Project Through Generalization and Interpretation Essay Example

Execution of Project Through Generalization and Interpretation Essay Example Execution of Project Through Generalization and Interpretation Essay Execution of Project Through Generalization and Interpretation Essay Execution of the project (implementation phase of the project) proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable. The researcher should see that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time. If the survey is to be conducted by structured questionnaires, data can be readily machine-processed. In such situation, questions as well as the possible answers may be coded. If the data are to be collected through interviewers, arrangements should be made for proper selection and training of the interviewers. Steps should be taken to ensure that the survey is under statistical control, so that the collected information is in accordance with the pre-defined standard of accuracy. Generalizability: It is the responsibility of the researcher to provide evidence regarding the reliability, validity and generalizability of the findings. The report should clearly identify the target population to which the findings apply. Factors that limit the generalizability of the findings, such as the nature and representativeness of the sample, mode and time of data collection, and various sources of error should be clearly identified. The reader should not attempt to generalize the findings of the report without explicit consideration of these factors. Interpretation and Conclusions: The findings should be reported in an objective and candid way. The interpretation of the basic results should be differentiated from the results parse. Any assumptions made in interpreting the results should be clearly identified. The limitations of the research should be discussed. Any conclusions or recommendations made without a specification of the underlying assumptions or limitations should be treated cautiously by the reader. WHAT IS GENERALIZATION? Generalization is to which extent the research and the conclusions of the research apply to the real world. It is not always so that good research will reflect the real world, since we can only measure a small portion of the population at a time. In fact every research study, somehow tries to relate observations to theory. If a hypothesis is tested repeatedly then researcher can move to generalization and construct a theory out of it. This is the real objective of the research. [pic] Generalization identifies commonalities among a set of entities. The commonality may be of attributes, behavior, or both. For example, a statement such as All windows have a title expresses a common attribute among all entities that are considered windows. Similarly, the statement, All windows can be resized. expresses a common behavior that all windows provide. Generalizations are usually easy to recognize as they contain words like all and every. Generalization is an essential component of the wider scientific process. In an ideal world, to test a hypothesis, you would sample an entire population. By Martyn Shuttleworth (2008) You would use every possible variation of an independent variable. In the vast majority of cases, this is not feasible, so a representative group is chosen to reflect the whole population. For any experiment, you may be criticized for your generalizations about sample, time and size. You must ensure that the sample group is as truly representative of the whole population as possible. For many experiments, time is critical as the behaviors can change yearly, monthly or even by the hour. The size of the group must allow the statistics to be safely extrapolated to an entire population. In reality, it is not possible to sample the whole population, due to budget, time and feasibility. For example, you may want to test a hypothesis about the effect of an educational program on schoolchildren in the US. For the perfect experiment, you would test every single child using the program, against a control group. If this number runs into the millions, this may not be possible without a huge number of researchers and a bottomless pit of money. Thus, you need to generalize and try to select a sample group that is representative of the whole population. A high budget research project might take a smaller sample from every school in the country; a lower budget operation may have to concentrate upon one city or even a single school. The key to generalization is to understand how much your results can be applied backwards to represent the group of children, as a whole. The first example, using every school, would be a strong representation, because the range and number of samples is high. Testing one school makes generalization difficult and affects the external validity. You might find that the individual school tested generates better results for children using that particular educational program. However, a school in the next town might contain children who do not like the system. The students may be from a completely different socioeconomic background or culture. Critics of your results will pounce upon such discrepancies and question your entire experimental design. Most statistical tests contain an inbuilt mechanism to take into account sample sizes with larger groups and numbers, leading to results that are more significant. The problem is that they cannot distinguish the validity of the results, and determine whether your generalization systems are correct. This is something that must be taken into account when generating a hypothesis and designing the experiment. The other option, if the sample groups are small, is to use proximal similarity and restrict your generalization. This is where you accept that a limited sample group cannot represent all of the population. If you sampled children from one town, it is dangerous to assume that it represents all children. It is, however, reasonable to assume that the results should apply to a similar sized town with a similar socioeconomic class. This is not perfect, but certainly contains more external validity and would be an acceptable generalization. Forms of Generalization: One of the four forms of generalization is hierarchy. In the case of hierarchy, the commonalities are organized into a tree structured form. At the root of any sub tree are found all the attributes and behavior common to all of the descendents of that root. This particular kind of tree structure is referred to as a generalization/specialization hierarchy because the root provides more general properties shared by all its descendents while the descendents typically add specializing properties which make them distinct among their siblings and their siblings descendents. The second form of generalization is genericity. In the case of genericity, the commonality is expressed with the aid of a parameter. Various specializations are distinguished by what they provide for the parameter. For example, using genericity it is possible to represent the common properties of a stack through the generalization of a stack of anything, where anything represents the parameter. Specialized forms of this generalization are stack of integers and stack of characters. The third form of generalization is polymorphism. Polymorphism captures commonality in algorithms. An algorithm may have a nested if-then-else (or case statement) logic which tests for the exact type of an object which it is manipulating. The algorithm performs some operations on the object based on the exact type of the object. However, in many algorithms the operations to be performed are the same, only the type of the object on which they are performed varies. Thus, the algorithm need not know the exact type of the object. The algorithm only needs to know that the object can respond to the invocation in some manner. The fourth form of generalization is patterns. A pattern expresses a general solution (the key components and relationships) to a commonly occurring design problem. The attributes and behavior of the individual components are only partially defined to allow the pattern to be interpreted and applied to a wide range of situations. For example, a wheeled vehicle pattern might be defined in terms of the components wheel, axle, frame, body and power source. The pattern would also show how these components would be arranged in relation to each other (e. g. , the axle must connect two wheels). Example of the wheeled vehicle pattern are automobile, horses of Generalization: |All apples are red. | |All buildings are square. | |Anyone could tell you the laws of physics. | |Everyone is literate these days. | Image Example of Generalization: | | [pic] An n-cube can be projected inside a regular 2n-gonal polygon by a skew orthogonal projection, shown here from the 2-cube to the 10-cube. Generalization Assess Knowledge Assess knowledge is used to not only judge the generalization rules, but also assess the generalization quality, such as square root law. For example, when we use deduced knowledge to reason in map generalization, it will trigger process knowledge. Also the application of process knowledge needs the parameters about descriptive knowledge. Knowledge representation is an important section of information system design and operation. It symbolizes and formalizes the knowledge of experts field and translates them into the form which computer can recognize and process. But with the limitation of computer language, we often use the formal knowledge representation to realize the automatic process. Most knowledge representations are based on logic, relationship, object, regulation, semantic network, model and ontology (Kong, 2001). For cartographic generalization system, the difficulty in knowledge representation is how to express the knowledge of cartographic experts with systematic and integrated method, and eventually to solve real problems. Interpretation: Interpretation is the process by which meaning is attached to data. Interpretation is a creative enterprise that depends on the insight and imagination of the researcher, regardless of whether he/she is a qualitative analyst working closely with rich in-depth interview transcripts or ‘thick description’ based upon intense observation or, at the other extreme, a quantitative researcher carrying out a complex multivariate statistical analysis of a massive dataset. In both instances, interpretation, the way in which the researcher attaches meaning to the data, is not mechanical but requires skill, imagination and creativity. Purpose: Interpretation is used for drawing inferences from data, expounding/exposing relationships and process underlying the findings, searching for broader meaning of research findings, understanding and explaining what has been observed in the study. It is also used for providing theoretical conceptions to serve as a guide for further research. Interpretation opens avenues of intellectual adventure and simulates the quest for knowledge. ’Post-factum’ interpretation translates findings of exploratory research into experimental research. Data Interpretation: Data interpretation is an essential element of mature software project management and empirical software engineering. As far as project management is concerned, data interpretation can support the assessment of the current project status and the achievement of project goals and requirements. As far as empirical studies are concerned, data interpretation can help to draw conclusions from collected data, support decision making, and contribute to better process, product, and quality models. With the increasing availability and usage of data from projects and empirical studies, effective data interpretation is gaining more importance. Interpretation of data for project control, here, the focus is on project execution. Factors such as the increasing distribution of development activities, the need for monitoring risks, or regulatory constraints have accelerated the introduction of data-based project management techniques into practice. However making valuable use of collected data is challenging and requires effective mechanisms for data interpretation Need For Interpretation: For better appreciation of findings and make others to understand the real significance of findings. To understand the abstract principles that work beneath findings, to link findings and results with that of others, arriving at generalization after repeated testing of hypothesis, to take decisions based on implications of results and to maintain continuity in research i. e. is to help further studies. Precautionary Tips for Interpretation: Interpretation is an art and requires great skill. Optimum use of data and techniques. No over or under or misinterpretation. No out of context interpretation. Look for generalization but no false or even broad generalization. No hurry, have patience. Be impartial, have correct perspective. Wrong interpretation would lead to inaccurate conclusions. Make correct use of statistical measures. Interpretation and analysis are highly interdependent. Evaluating Interpretation: Why evaluate? Evaluating your interpretation will tell you whether it’s working or not. To evaluate you must have clear objectives for your interpretation. There a re four kinds of interpretive objective: Learning objectives – what do you want visitors to know about the site? Emotional objectives – what do you want visitors to feel about the site? Behavioral objectives – what do you want visitors to do as a result of the interpretation? Promotional objectives – how do you want to present your organization? When do I evaluate? Evaluation is classified according to when it’s done in the interpretive process. Front-end evaluation is done while you’re developing your interpretive objectives. It answers questions such as ‘what do the audience already know about this topic? ’ and ‘what are they most interested in? ’ This way you can tailor your interpretation to your visitors’ knowledge and interests. Formative evaluation tests visitors’ reactions to trial versions of your interpretation. For example, proofs of leaflets and panels can be tested to see if they attract attention and communicate the right messages. This allows you to change the design or content to make sure it works. Remedial evaluation checks that once all the elements in a display are brought together they work – for instance, the lighting is appropriate, visitor flow patterns are optimized, and distraction/competition between elements is minimized. Summative evaluation answers the question ‘is our nterpretation meeting its objectives? ’ Summative evaluation is carried out once a project is implemented. How do I evaluate? A range of evaluation methodologies are available. They can be subdivided into: Quantitative methods which count and measure things. Here your data is already in the form of numbers or can be converted into numbers that can be analyzed statistically. Qualitative metho ds which attempt to describe your visitor’s opinions, attitudes, perceptions and feelings. This information will require further interpretation and organization. Phase |Method | |Front end |Focus groups | | |Questionnaire interview | |Formative |Observation | | |Simple interviewer administered | | |questionnaire | |Remedial |Observation | | |Simple interviewer administered | | |questionnaire | |Summative |All methods but primarily observation| | |and questionnaire | | |Critical appraisal | Examples for Interpretation: 1. Representativeness of the data – Comparison of distribution of characteristics among population, sample and response population 2. Take note of nature of questions and types of responses – Dichotomous question with either or type answer. – Multiple-choice questions which require only one answer. – Multiple responses to multiple choice questions. – Open-end questions. Frequency Distribution Of Age (Comparison of characteristi cs distribution among population, sample and response sample) Population Response Population Age in Years No. % No. % Up to 24 95 11. 6 69 13. 2 25-29 268 32. 6 173 33. 0 30-34 255 31. 0 165 31. 5 35-39 151 18. 4 85 16. 2 40-44 39 4. 7 27 5. 1 45-49 6 0. 7 1 0. 50-above 8 1. 0 4 0. 8 Total 822 100. 0 524 100. 0 3. Handling and interpreting unanswered – Not answered. – Can’t answer. – Don’t know. – Don’t want to answer. – Distributing proportionately among other categories. – Keeping as a separate category. – Estimating answer from other data contained in questionnaire. 4. Representing the data – Percentages (ratios proportions) should be computed in the direction of causal factor, if any. – Percentages should run only in the direction in which a sample is representative. Do not average percentages(without weighing by the size of samples) – Do not use very large percentage(e. g. 1200% increase) – Do not use too small a base(e. g. 33 1/3% for 1 in 3 ) Interpretation of correlation coefficients(r,rs) 0. 9 Very highdependable Chi-square test No (expected) frequency cell should have value less than 5(use Yates correction formula) Hypothesis testing Accepting null hypothesis on the basis of sample information does not mean or constitute the proof that hypothesis is true. It only that there is no statistical evidence to reject it Logically ordering the data so that questions can be raised and answered Cross tabulation of 2 or more attributes or variables is merely a formal and economical method of arranging the data so that the logical method of proof may be applied . Cross tabulation is an approximation of the controlled experiment, i. e; just thinking in terms of cause and effect. Cross tabulation may lead to spurious explanation. Examples: Family size v/s income (valid) No. of automobiles owned v/s brand of toothpaste preferred (spurious) Elaboration Is a process which is limited only by the analysis (his/her ability, patience and purposes) and by the nature of data? Check need for elaboration and what test variable to apply. Range of cross tabulations suggests test variables.