Rogerian Argument Definition and Examples

Rogerian argument is a negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach an agreement. It is also known as  Rogerian rhetoric, Rogerian argumentation, Rogerian persuasion, and empathic listening. Whereas traditional argument focuses on winning, the Rogerian model seeks a mutually satisfactory solution. The Rogerian model of argument was adapted from the work of American psychologist Carl Rogers by the composition scholars Richard Young, Alton Becker, and Kenneth Pike in their textbook Rhetoric: Discovery and Change (1970). Aims of Rogerian Argument The authors of Rhetoric: Discovery and Change explain the process this way: The writer who uses the Rogerian strategy attempts to do three things: (1) to convey to the reader that he is understood, (2) to delineate the area within which he believes the readers position to be valid, and (3) to induce him to believe that he and the writer share similar moral qualities (honesty, integrity, and good will) and aspirations (the desire to discover a mutually acceptable solution). We stress here that these are only tasks, not stages of the argument. Rogerian argument has no conventional structure; in fact, users of the strategy deliberately avoid conventional persuasive structures and techniques because these devices tend to produce a sense of threat, precisely what the writer seeks to overcome.... The goal of Rogerian argument is to create a situation conducive to cooperation; this may well involve changes in Format of Rogerian Argument. When presenting your case and the case of the other side, the style is flexible with how you set up your information and how long you spend on each section. But you do want to be balanced—spending an inordinate amount of time on your position and only giving lip service to the other side, for example, defeats the purpose of using the Rogerian style. The ideal format of a written Rogerian persuasion looks something like this (Richard M. Coe, Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. Wiley, 1981): Introduction: Present the topic as a problem to solve together, rather than an issue.Opposing position: State the opinion of your opposition in an objective manner thats fair and accurate, so the other side knows that you understand its position.Context for the opposing position: Show the opposition that you understand under what circumstances its position is valid.Your position: Present your position objectively. Yes, you want to be convincing, but you want the opposition to see it with clarity and fairly as well, just as you presented its position earlier.Context for your position: Show the opposition contexts in which your position is also valid.Benefits: Appeal to the opposition and show how elements of your position could work to benefit its interests. You use one type of rhetoric when discussing your position with people who already agree with you. To discuss your position with the opposition, you need to tone that down and break it into objective elements, so the sides can more easily see areas of common ground. Taking the time to state the opposing sides arguments and contexts means the opposition has less reason to get defensive and stop listening to your ideas. Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument In the 1970s and into the early 1990s, some debate existed about whether women should use this conflict-solving technique. Feminists are divided on the method: some see Rogerian argument as feminist and beneficial because it appears less antagonistic than traditional Aristotelian argument. Others argue that when used by women, this type of argument reinforces the feminine stereotype, since historically women are viewed as nonconfrontational and understanding (see especially Catherine E. Lambs 1991 article Beyond Argument in Freshman Composition and Phyllis Lassners 1990 article Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument). (Edith H. Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies: A Guide to Theorists and Terms. Greenwood, 1999)

Dantes Inferno Essay - 496 Words

Dantes Inferno In Canto I, Dante has strayed from the True Way into the Dark Wood of Error. He opens his eyes and sees the mount Mount of Joy which is lit up by the sun. He sets out to try to climb the mountain, but his way is blocked by the Three Beasts of Worldliness: The Leopard of Malice and Fraud, The Lion of Violence and Ambition, and The She-Wolf of Incontinence. He then starts to lose all hope when Virgil, Dante’s symbol of Human Reason appears. Dante is very frightened and nervous by Virgil’s presence as you can tell by his response towards Virgil saying â€Å"Have pity on me, whatever thing you are, whether shade or living man† (Dantes Inferno pg. 30). Dante doesn’t know who or what Virgil is and is really scared of him. Virgil†¦show more content†¦Virgil offers to guide Dante through the depths of hell tells dante that he can only take him so far then he will turn Dante over to another guide, Beatrice, the symbol of Divine Love because human reason is self limited. Dante agrees to have Virgil be his guide and then they set off. Dante is here because he went astray from the straight road of life and ended up in some evil dark woods. He sees the road going to the Mount of Joy that is lit up by the sun and sets off to go climb the mountain. Everywhere he goes, the spotted Leopard stands blocking his every turn. Then he sees the Lion raging with hunger with its enormous head held high in the air to strike fear into anyone that comes close. Then he sees the She-Wolf driving upon him raveging around. The reason Dante is going into hell is because now that he is in the woods, he cannot climb the Mount of joy because the Three Beasts are blocking him. No one can make a direct ascent past the beasts, but whoever escapes them has to go the longer and harder way. He therefore has to go through hell to get to the gates of heaven and the light of God. Virgil has been sent to guide dante through the darkness of hell. Dante is taking us along on his journey through hell to show everyone what the other side is like. He was sent to go to hell and see the tortures that go on to all of the sinners. He wants toShow MoreRelatedThe Story in Dantes Inferno910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the story Dante’s Inferno we as readers get to experience hell in a whole light. Throughout the narrative we find out that hell is not only what we know of it from the Christian bible. According to Dante Hell is a complex situation that is nothing like anything we have read earlier. There are many people who have read at least some portion of the Holy Bible. Whether it be because of personal reasons or educational ones, the holy bible most read (and sold) books in existence. Through readingRead MoreDantes Inferno Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAt the start of the poem we find Dante in the dark forest(Inf. 1.2). Not much description is given maybe to show Dante’s disorientation. 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ThoseRead MoreAnalysis of Dantes Inferno Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, Dante is taken on a journey through hell. On this journey, Dane sees the many different forms of sins, and each with its own unique contrapasso, or counter-suffering. Each of these punishments reflects the sin of a person, usually offering some ironic way of suffering as a sort of revenge for breaking God’s law. As Dante wrote this work and developed the contrapassos, he allows himself to play God, deciding who is in hell and why they are there. He uses this opportunity to strikeRead MoreThe Contributions Of Death In Dantes Inferno1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Inferno, Dante journeys along the path that will eventually lead him to God by first passing through Hell. As h e goes through his journey in Hell with Virgil, Dante encounters several sinners who are being punished based upon the sins each individual committed. 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Dante’s Inferno allegory is present throughout the entire poem. From the dark wood to the depths of Dan te’s hell he presents the different crimes committed in life as they could be punished in death. One of the first punishments we observe comes from the fifth circle of Dante’s hell, the wrathful and the sullen, as the author expresses his thoughts of the fitting consequence with each sin

Online Innovation Essay Example For Students

Online Innovation Essay Project overview:There is a great need for a full service and price competitive on-line meat shop. At this point, we may explain our company nature before and after go online like from Blick and Mortar to Click and Mortar? If we combine this need being met with the feel of shopping at a real home town meat shop our competitive advantage will be far greater than that of our competitors. There are very few alternatives for on-line meat shops. There are notch stores such as Bisonmeat.com that ships bison meat at a premium and targets only a small demographic. Also, there are full product providers like Iowameats.com. However there prices are wildly out of line compared to a home town meat shop. Should we emphasize our low cost of operation and production, which cause our low price offered?It is clear the on-line community is underserved in this area and it is evident that there is much room for growth and profitability in the on-line meat market industry. Value proposition:What we propose is a partnership with local meat shops in the US to achieve maximum shipping savings and product quality. Is this partnership including Delivery Service Company? Since well offer free shipping to customers, we may need to mention about long term relationship or contract with Delivery Company. Practically, we wont survive if we need to pay high for each shipment, isnt it? We believe that we can offer the same meats at the same price as walking into the store and picking it off the shelf by offering subscriptions to our customers and creating a commission based service fee to the vendors. The subscriptions and commissions from the vendor (individual customer?) would be our revenue. The vendor would profit by name recognition on the site, increased sales from on-line purchases, and only pays in return for sales. Since we will be working with a home town meat shop we will have a competitive bundle of satisfactions. How?We plan to include a forum and chat rooms for consumers to engage in home town dialog as well as leave feedback on branding and product ideas. It is apparent this will increase brand recognition and customer loyalty. What CRM? Delivery tracking service (we can make link from Delivery page), FAQ page, Email response (weve in Contact Us page). Requirements:Functional requirements: Our company must brokerage information to customers and vendors and facilitated commerce.

Locke And Hobbes Essays - John Locke, Libertarian Theory

Locke And Hobbes Hobbes point of view on human nature and how a government should be run is a more realistic way of looking at things than John Locke's theory. Both Hobbes and Locke see human nature differently, Hobbes sees people as being run by selfishness whereas Locke says that people are naturally kind. In our state of nature, Hobbes says we have no rights but Locke suggests that we have natural rights, God-given rights. Using reason, people decide to enter into a social contract with a ruler or a form of government, which would make a trade that, would help both of the parties. They both argue that the ruler can go too far or not fulfill their part of the contract, giving the people the right to revolt. Hobbes shows that humans are naturally evil that lays down the groundwork for his form of government. Hobbes and Locke's theories differ greatly beginning with their views of human nature. Hobbes suggests that people are naturally, solitary, poor, nasty, and brutish. He also says that without authority mankind is selfish and egotistical. John Locke, on the other hand, sees people as being peaceful in their nature state. These different points of show how they formed their theory of the state of nature. Without a government people are put into their state of nature, Hobbes and Locke both picture a different scene when they express human state of nature. Hobbes states that the condition of people before government was short, solitary, poor, brutish, and disorderly. But John Locke shows a different point of view, he notes three rights that are God-given and inalienable, these three are life, liberty, and property. Knowing what people do and don't have the right to relates to how the government should rule their subjects. A social contract is an agreement between the people and the government in order to preserve order. Hobbes sees the government or ruler as a powerful sovereign. He named it ?Leviathan,? which is the name of a giant sea serpent in the Old Testament that supposedly battled Yahweh. The people must trade their rights, power, and their desire to dominate in order to receive protection. This special type of protection punishes those who break the contract. Under Locke's theory, the ruler must protect the people's natural rights and the people must give up their power to rule each other. The government's job is to keep the people happy by not overstepping their boundary. Hobbes and Locke both agree on the fact that there is a point in time that it is not only the right but also the responsibility of the people to overthrow the government. The government must be stable in order to follow through on their side of the contract or they are bringing a revolt upon themselves. Hobbes says that the Leviathan must be taken out of power when he fails to fulfill his side of the contract. Under Locke's rules, the government must be overthrown when any of the people's three God-given rights are taken away or lost. After viewing why a government should or would be overthrown we can look at Hobbes and Locke's theory's overall. Hobbes' theory is a pessimistic look at human being and the way they act around each other but Locke's theory suggests that people are more easy-going and peaceful towards each other. As we see in the news daily, people are often cruel and inhumane, and we also see kinder people in everyday life. We see people who give up their own personal pleasure so they can serve others. But these people are far and few between, it becomes quickly obvious that humans are drawn towards self-happiness. A morally pure person would look at their neighbor and think, ?what can I do to help him whereas the more realistic perspective would be, ?what would make me happy right now Hobbes' form of government uses the natural state of man to create a way of living that would help everyone, so you can feel safe in a usually non-safe environment. Bibliography none needed, sorry